BEHAVIORS contains one row for every category of behavior defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol. The BEHAVIORS table controls many aspects of the validation that occurs involving behavioral events, it is central to the system.
Behavior codes are classified into particular types, depending on what sort of supplemental information on the behavior is recorded. The classification is driven by code value in the BEHAVIORS.Type column. The type codes are as follows:
The BEHAVIORS.Type values
E
Eating. There must be one or more related rows on the EATS table with further information on what was eaten. There can be no related rows on the FISHED, PLAYS, RESTS, RIDES, or VOCS tables.
F
Fishing. There must be exactly one related rows on the FISHED table with further information on what was eaten. There can be no related rows on the EATS, PLAYS, RESTS, RIDES, or VOCS tables.
O
Other. There can be no related rows on the EATS, FISHED, PLAYS, RESTS, RIDES, or VOCS tables.
P
Playing. There must be one or more related rows on the PLAYS table with further information regarding the play. There can be no related rows on the EATS, FISHED, RESTS, RIDES, or VOCS tables.
R
Riding. There must be exactly one related rows on the RIDES table with further information on riding posture. There can be no related rows on the EATS, FISHED, PLAYS, RESTS, or VOCS tables.
T
Resting. There must be exactly one related rows on the RESTS table with further information on resting posture. There can be no related rows on the EATS, FISHED, PLAYS, RIDES, or VOCS tables.
V
Vocalization. There must be one or more related rows on the VOCS table with further information on the vocalization. There can be no related rows on the EATS, FISHED, PLAYS, RESTS, or RIDES tables.
The Position value determines
whether a position within the forest canopy is required to be part
of the record of the event. When TRUE EVENTS
rows having this Behavior value must
have a non-NULL
EVENTS.Position value.
When FALSE the EVENTS row must have a NULL
EVENTS.Position value.
This check is performed immediately on insert or update of
EVENTS and upon transaction commit on update
of BEHAVIORS.
The control over which behaviors can occur when others occur is supplied by the 4 Boolean columns Restricted, Exclusive_Behavior. Mom_Restricted and, Mom_Exclusive_Behavior. The Restricted and Exclusive_Behavior columns apply to the infant and the sibling. The Mom_Restricted and Mom_Exclusive_Behavior columns apply to the mother, otherwise the functionality supplied is identical. For this reason only the Restricted and Exclusive_Behavior columns are described in the following few paragraphs.
When Restricted is TRUE the
behavior cannot be related to an INTERVALS row
also related to another behavior involving the same focal
designated Exclusive_Behavior unless
the focal is the actee
(PARTS.Part =
'E'), or unless all such behavioral events are
uncertain[42]. When FALSE the behavior can occur with any other.
This check is performed immediately, except when data in the
EVENTS is changed table in which case the check
takes place upon transaction commit.
It is expected that many point sample behaviors
will have a TRUE Exclusive_Behavior value to ensure that
they do not happen when, e.g, resting or dangling is occurring,
although this does not have to be the case.
Behaviors that exclude some others, those with a TRUE
Restricted value, must also be behaviors
that are excluded, they must have a TRUE
Exclusive_Behavior value.
Social behaviors, behaviors involving 2 individuals[43], are said to be either directional or
non-directional. Directional behaviors are those where one of the
individuals involved initiates or sustains the behavior
(the “actor”), the code for which
is R (actoR), and the other
individual is acted upon (the "actee"), the code for which
is E (acteE). In non-directional
social behavior either the 2 individuals involved play an equal
part or directionality is simply unknown. In either case the 2
individuals involved in social non-directed behavior are both
labeled “participant”, the code for which
is P (Participant).
The individual involved in non-social behaviors, those that
involve only a single individual, are designated
as “self” -- the single
PARTS.Part value is
always S (Self).
The BEHAVIORS columns Mom_Actor,
Sib_Actor, and
Infant_Actor control whether,
respectively, the mother in the follow, the sibling in the follow,
or the infant in the follow are allowed to be actors -- whether
their respective
PARTS.Part value is
allowed to be R. Should the mother,
sibling, or infant be allowed to be an actor then the respective
Mom_W_NF_Actee,
Sib_W_NF_Actee, and
Infant_W_NF_Actee column must contain
a value, otherwise the respective column must be NULL. The
Mom_W_NF_Actee,
Sib_W_NF_Actee, and
Infant_W_NF_Actee columns determine
whether an individual who is not a focal in the follow is allowed
to be involved in the behavioral event as an actee.
The Both_Directions column
controls whether or not reciprocal directed behaviors are allowed.
I.e., whether or not behaviors which are directed, have an actor
and an actee, such as grooming, are allowed to be mutual;
e.g. whether simultaneous mutual grooming is allowed between any
given pair of individuals. TRUE means that reciprocal directed
behaviors are allowed. FALSE means they are not. The
Both_Directions column must be
non-NULL when there is a possibility of directed interaction --
when any of the BEHAVIORS columns
Mom_Actor,
Mom_Actee,
Mom_W_NF_Actor,
Mom_W_NF_Actee,
Sib_Actor,
Sib_Actee,
Sib_W_NF_Actor,
Sib_W_NF_Actee,
Infant_Actor,
Infant_Actee,
Infant_W_NF_Actor, or
Infant_W_NF_Actee are TRUE and must
be NULL otherwise. This check is performed upon transaction
commit, except that when the BEHAVIORS table is
updated the check is performed immediately.
The BEHAVIORS columns Mom_Participant, Sib_Participant, Infant_Participant and their respective Mom_W_NF_Actor, Sib_W_NF_Actor, and Infant_W_NF_Actor columns behave as the columns described just above only with respect to the “participant” role.
The BEHAVIORS columns Mom_Self,
Sib_Self,
Infant_Self control whether,
respectively, the mother in the follow, the sibling in the follow,
or the infant in the follow are allowed to be involved in the
behavior without another individual -- whether their respective
PARTS.Part value is
allowed to be S.
If there is a record of a non-social interaction for an individual then the individual may not also be involved in a non-directed social interaction of this kind during the interval -- if an EVENTS row exists with a single related PARTS row[44]then there may not be other EVENTS rows related to the INTERVALS row with 2 related PARTS rows where either of the 2 PARTS rows has a Participant value identifying the individual in question.[45] This check occurs upon transaction commit.
The Baboon column must be
non-NULL when the other BEHAVIORS columns allow a non-focal to
be involved in the behavior, otherwise
Baboon must be NULL.
The Swahili name of the behavior. This column may not be empty, it must contain characters,
and it must contain at least one non-space character. This column
may be NULL, which is usually an indication that no Swahili
name was used on the data collection templates.[46]
A code designating the behavior as one of a certain type. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL. The value of this column cannot be
changed.
A Boolean value; whether or not the event must have a Position value.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. When TRUE pairs of individuals may
exhibit the behavior twice, each with the directionality of the
other reversed. See the overall description of
BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
This column must be NULL when directed behavior is
allowed and otherwise must not be NULL. See the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. When TRUE the behavior is designated
as one that excludes the possibility of the infant or
sibling simultaneously having one of the behaviors
marked “on the minute”. When FALSE the
behavior does not exclude any others. See the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. When TRUE the behavior is designated as
an infant or sibling behavior that cannot occur with behaviors
designated as occurring “restricted”. When FALSE
the behavior can occur with any other. See the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. When TRUE the behavior is designated
as one that excludes the possibility of the mother
simultaneously having one of the behaviors marked “on
the minute for the mom”. When FALSE the behavior
does not exclude any others. See the overall description of
BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. When TRUE the behavior is designated as
one that cannot involve the mother at the same time as those
behaviors designated as “mom restricted”. When
FALSE the behavior can occur with any other. See the
overall description of BEHAVIORS above for
further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the mother may be an actor in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the mother may be an actee in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the mother may be a participant in this kind of behavior in a non-directed but social way, a way involving 2 individuals. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the mother may be involved this kind of behavior in a non-social way, as the sole individual involved. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actor when the focal mother is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actee when the focal mother is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as a non-directional participant when the focal mother is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the sibling may be an actor in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the sibling may be an actee in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the sibling may be a participant in this kind of behavior in a non-directed but social way, a way involving 2 individuals. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the sibling may be involved this kind of behavior in a non-social way, as the sole individual involved. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actor when the focal sibling is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actee when the focal sibling is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as a non-directional participant when the focal sibling is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the infant may be an actor in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the infant may be an actee in this kind of behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the infant may be a participant in this kind of behavior in a non-directed but social way, a way involving 2 individuals. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not the focal that is the infant may be involved this kind of behavior in a non-social way, as the sole individual involved. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actor when the focal infant is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as an actee when the focal infant is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. Whether or not an individual who is not a focal may be involved in the behavioral event as a non-directional participant when the focal infant is also involved in the behavioral event. See the overall description of BEHAVIORS above for further information.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
A Boolean value. When TRUE baboons are allowed to be
involved in this kind of behavioral event in place of a
non-focal chimpanzee -- the related
EVENTS.Baboon column
may be TRUE. When FALSE baboons may not be involved in this
kind of behavioral event -- the related
EVENTS.Baboon column
must be FALSE.
The value of this column may be NULL; see the overall
description of BEHAVIORS above for further
information.
FISHING_RESULTS contains one row for every code designating a fishing attempt result.
FOODKINDS contains one row for every code designating a kind of food eaten by chimpanzees.
The Scientific value (when
non-NULL) must be unique.
The scientific name for the kind of food. This column may not be empty, it must contain characters,
and it must contain at least one non-space character.
This column may not be NULL.
A Boolean value indicating whether the food can be fished
for. TRUE indicates that the food can be fished for.
FOODPARTS contains one row for every code designating a kind of food eaten by chimpanzees.
The Swahili value (when
non-NULL) must be unique.
The Swahili name for the kind of food. This column may not be empty, it must contain characters,
and it must contain at least one non-space character.
NULL
A Boolean value indicating whether the food can be fished
for. TRUE indicates that the food can be fished for.
POSITIONS contains one row for every code designating position within the forest canopy defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol.
PLAY_TYPES contains one row for every designated play activity defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol.
RESTING_POSTURES contains one row for every designated resting posture defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol.
RIDING_POSTURES contains one row for every designated riding posture defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol.
VOCALIZATIONS contains one row for every code designating a kind of vocalization made by chimpanzees as defined (past or present) in the data collection protocol.
[43] Non-social behaviors, the only other sort, involve a single individual.
[45] So, for example, an individual may not self-play while playing with another individual. The general notion of non-directed social interactions is such that, we hope, this rule excludes dis-allowed behavioral combinations but does not interfere with the storage of legitimate behaviors in the database.
[46] And is not, of course, any reflection on the richness of the Swahili language vocabulary, which, based on this author's brief encounter with Gombe-MI project's data collection templates, was thought be so rich as to have a single word for vocalizations-uttered-while-engaged-in-copulation. As it turns out, the word translates as romance -- which was a little disappointing.